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Survival Tree01:19

Survival Tree

Survival trees are a non-parametric method used in survival analysis to model the relationship between a set of covariates and the time until an event of interest occurs, often referred to as the "time-to-event" or "survival time." This method is particularly useful when dealing with censored data, where the event has not occurred for some individuals by the end of the study period, or when the exact time of the event is unknown.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods
08:20

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Published on: October 20, 2019

Technical note: tree truthing: how accurate are substrate estimates in primate field studies?

Michelle Bezanson1, Sean M Watts, Matthew J Jobin

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, CA 95050, USA. mbezanson@scu.edu

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|February 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ground-level estimates of primate support size and angle can be inaccurate. Direct measurements and relative comparisons improve accuracy for studying primate positional behavior.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Primate behavioral ecology
  • Ethology
  • Arboreal locomotion studies

Background:

  • Primate positional behavior research often uses ground-level estimations of substrate characteristics.
  • These estimations may introduce observer bias and affect the accurate classification of positional modes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of ground-level estimates versus direct measurements of arboreal support features.
  • To identify optimal methods for estimating substrate diameter, angle, and canopy height in primate habitat research.

Main Methods:

  • Direct measurements of support diameter, angle, and canopy height were taken from within trees.
  • Multiple observers estimated these features from various ground-level locations.
  • Data were compared between direct measurements and ground-level estimates.

Main Results:

  • Diameter estimates showed significant variation (0-28 cm, Mean: 5.44 ± 4.55 cm).
  • Substrate angle estimates varied widely (1-55°, Mean: 14.76 ± 14.02°).
  • Height estimations using a clinometer had a mean variation of 5.31 ± 2.44 meters.

Conclusions:

  • Estimating support size relative to the focal animal and using broader categories improves accuracy.
  • Support angles are best estimated in 5° increments, verified with clinometers and laser pointers.
  • Observer error, support deformity, and feature influence on primate positional modes are critical considerations.