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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

Voltammetric Techniques: Pulse Voltammetry

Voltammetric Techniques: Pulse Voltammetry

Differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) is a type of voltammetry that involves applying a series of voltage pulses to an electrochemical cell while measuring the resulting current. In DPV, the differential pulse or small potential pulses are superimposed on a linear potential sweep. The magnitude of these pulses is typically small, often in the millivolt range. Each voltage pulse lasts a short duration, usually in the order of a few milliseconds, and is applied at regular intervals along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

Simultaneous comparison of many triphasic defibrillation waveforms.

Ron Davis¹, Robert Malkin

¹Biomedical Engineering at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal

|February 29, 2012

Summary

Adding a third phase to defibrillation waveforms does not necessarily improve efficacy. While triphasic waveforms showed some promise, they did not consistently outperform biphasic waveforms in terminating ventricular fibrillation.

Keywords:

Triphasic waveforms defibrillation efficacy defibrillation waveforms defibrillators.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Research
Medical Engineering
Electrophysiology

Background:

Biphasic defibrillation waveforms are more effective than monophasic waveforms for terminating ventricular fibrillation (VF).
This established efficacy suggests that increasing waveform complexity might further enhance defibrillation success rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of triphasic defibrillation waveforms compared to monophasic and biphasic waveforms.
To determine if adding a third phase to biphasic waveforms improves the success rate of terminating ventricular fibrillation.

Main Methods:

Evaluated 18 different triphasic waveforms alongside monophasic and biphasic control waveforms.
Tested waveform efficacy in 21 guinea pigs by inducing VF 20 times per animal.
Adjusted waveform energy to achieve 50% defibrillation success rate for each animal, using biphasic as a control.

Main Results:

Two of the 18 triphasic waveforms were significantly less effective than the monophasic control (p<0.05).
One triphasic waveform showed a trend towards superiority over the biphasic control (p<0.1) but did not reach statistical significance.
No triphasic waveform demonstrated statistically significant improvement over the biphasic control.

Conclusions:

Adding a phase to a monophasic waveform can improve defibrillation efficacy.
Adding a third phase to an already effective biphasic waveform does not necessarily enhance its efficacy in terminating ventricular fibrillation.