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Updated: May 24, 2026

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
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Orthognathic surgery in cleft patients.

John H Phillips1, Iain Nish, John Daskalogiannakis

  • 1Toronto, Ontario, Canada From the Departments of Dentistry and Orthodontics, Hospital for Sick Children.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|March 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This article details the multidisciplinary approach to cleft orthognathic surgery, covering skeletal changes, presurgical orthodontics, surgical techniques, and dentoalveolar distraction for complex cases.

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American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2026
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Evaluation of facial profile and incisor inclination preferences in orthodontically treated borderline nonextraction and extraction Class I and mild Class II malocclusions.

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2026
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Graft Outcomes With or Without Use of Cortical Bone Graft for Nasal Floor Reconstruction in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·2025
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Robin Sequence Facial Profile After Conservative Treatment: A Long-Term Follow-Up.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery·2023
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Evaluating SWAG and Its Validity When Compared to 3D Imagery of Secondarily Grafted Cleft Sites.

The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·2023
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Academic Achievement in School-Aged Children with Single Suture Craniosynostosis Over Time.

Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.)·2023

Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial surgery
  • Orthodontics
  • Cleft lip and palate treatment

Background:

  • Patients with cleft lip and palate often present with complex dentoskeletal abnormalities requiring surgical and orthodontic intervention.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing these complex cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the skeletal changes in cleft patients necessitating surgery.
  • To describe presurgical orthodontic principles and surgical techniques for cleft orthognathic surgery.
  • To introduce dentoalveolar distraction as an alternative for large defects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multidisciplinary treatment protocols for cleft orthognathic surgery.
  • Discussion of fundamental orthodontic and surgical principles.

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  • Presentation of dentoalveolar distraction techniques for complex cases.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of key skeletal changes and necessary surgical interventions.
    • Elucidation of orthodontic preparation and surgical execution in cleft patients.
    • Demonstration of dentoalveolar distraction for challenging large defects.

    Conclusions:

    • Combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery is crucial for treating skeletally based malocclusion in cleft patients.
    • Understanding presurgical orthodontics and surgical principles, including avoiding pitfalls, is vital.
    • Dentoalveolar distraction offers advanced solutions for severe cleft-related defects.