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Related Concept Videos

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

Overview
Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

Targeting DNA G-quadruplex structures with peptide nucleic acids.

Igor G Panyutin1, Mykola I Onyshchenko, Ethan A Englund

  • 1NIH/CC/RAD&IS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1180 USA. igorp@helix.nih.gov

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|March 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) offer stable, specific gene targeting by binding DNA and RNA. Targeting G-quadruplex structures with PNA enhances precision for gene regulation and biological role clarification.

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05:32

In Vitro Chemical Mapping of G-Quadruplex DNA Structures by Bis-3-Chloropiperidines

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Oligonucleotide-based gene regulation is promising but limited by natural DNA/RNA instability and off-target effects.
  • Nucleic acid mimics like peptide nucleic acids (PNA) offer improved stability and reduced off-target binding.
  • High PNA affinity to DNA can sometimes reduce sequence specificity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of G-quadruplex structures as specific targets for PNA oligomers.
  • To develop PNA probes for precise gene regulation and to investigate the biological roles of G-quadruplexes.

Main Methods:

  • Design of PNA oligomers to target specific DNA or RNA sequences.
  • Utilizing G-quadruplex secondary DNA structures for enhanced targeting specificity.
  • Investigating PNA interactions with G-quadruplex loops, core structures, and complementary strands.

Main Results:

  • PNA probes demonstrate enhanced stability and reduced off-target effects compared to natural oligonucleotides.
  • G-quadruplex structures provide an additional layer of specificity for PNA binding.
  • PNA can effectively target G-quadruplexes through various binding modes, including loop, core invasion, and complementary strand interaction.

Conclusions:

  • PNA targeting of G-quadruplex structures offers a highly specific approach for gene function regulation.
  • Development of G-quadruplex-specific PNA probes can advance gene expression control and elucidate G-quadruplex biological functions.