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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Michele Venti1

  • 1Stroke Unit and Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy. michele.venti@ospedale.perugia.it

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience
|March 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious stroke type with high mortality. Endovascular coiling offers better outcomes than surgical clipping for select patients needing aneurysm exclusion to prevent rebleeding.

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model
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Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model
08:18

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) constitutes 5% of strokes, disproportionately affecting young individuals with high mortality and disability rates.
  • Intracranial aneurysm rupture causes approximately 85% of SAH cases, with non-aneurysmal conditions and other medical issues accounting for the remainder.
  • SAH presentation varies widely, from asymptomatic cases to sudden death, with rebleeding being a critical and frequent complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, clinical presentation, and management of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
  • To compare the effectiveness of endovascular coiling versus surgical clipping for aneurysm exclusion in preventing SAH rebleeding.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on subarachnoid hemorrhage etiology and clinical course.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes comparing endovascular aneurysm occlusion with surgical clipping.

Main Results:

  • Endovascular occlusion of aneurysms using coils demonstrated superior short- and long-term outcomes compared to surgical clipping in specific patient cohorts.
  • Aneurysm exclusion is the primary strategy to mitigate the risk of rebleeding, a major SAH complication.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt aneurysm exclusion is crucial for managing subarachnoid hemorrhage and preventing rebleeding.
  • Endovascular coiling represents an effective treatment option for select SAH patients, offering improved outcomes over surgical intervention.