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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

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Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
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Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
06:06

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

[Methylphenidate misuse].

M Bruggisser1, M Bodmer, M E Liechti

  • 1Abteilung für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsspital Basel.

Praxis
|March 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is prescribed for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome (ADHD) but is increasingly misused recreationally or as a performance enhancer. Abuse, especially via injection, carries severe toxicity risks.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology

Context:

  • Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant primarily prescribed for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome (ADHS).
  • Recent trends indicate a rise in the non-medical use of MPH as a recreational drug and cognitive enhancer.
  • Misuse of MPH, including in poly-drug use and by patients with ADHD, presents significant public health concerns.

Purpose:

  • To review the patterns and consequences of methylphenidate misuse.
  • To highlight the varying toxicity associated with different routes of MPH administration.
  • To inform healthcare professionals and the public about the risks of methylphenidate abuse.

Summary:

  • Methylphenidate misuse is prevalent, encompassing recreational use, performance enhancement, and diversion by patients with ADHD.
  • Common routes of abuse, oral and nasal, typically result in mild to moderate sympathomimetic toxicity.
  • Intravenous and intraarterial administration of crushed methylphenidate tablets are associated with severe toxicity.

Impact:

  • Increased awareness of methylphenidate's abuse potential and associated health risks.
  • Guidance for clinicians on monitoring patients at risk for misuse.
  • Emphasis on the dangers of specific administration routes, particularly injection.