Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2026
Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: April 20, 2019
Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: a pilot study
1Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-2, Portland, OR 97239, USA. darnallb@ohsu.edu
Objective:
To test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of self-delivered home-based mirror therapy for phantom pain.
Design:
Uncontrolled prospective treatment outcome pilot study.
Participants:
Forty community-dwelling adults with unilateral amputation and phantom pain > 3 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale enrolled either during a one-time study visit (n = 30) or remotely (n = 10).
Methods:
Participants received an explanation of mirror therapy and were asked to self-treat for 25 min daily. Participants completed and posted back sets of outcomes questionnaires at months 1 and 2 post-treatment. Main outcome was average phantom pain intensity at post-treatment.
Results:
A significant reduction in average phantom pain intensity was found at month 1 (n = 31, p = 0.0002) and at month 2 (n = 26, p = 0.002). The overall median percentage reduction at month 2 was 15.4%. Subjects with high education (> 16 years) compared with low education (< 16 years) (37.5% vs 4.1%) had greater reduction in pain intensity (p = 0.01).
Conclusion:
These findings support the feasibility and efficacy of home-based self-delivered mirror therapy; this low-cost treatment may defray medical costs, therapy visits, and the patient travel burden for people with motivation and a high level of education. More research is needed to determine methods of cost-effective support for people with lower levels of education.
