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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons
06:42

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

Published on: August 18, 2014

Programming and reprogramming neuronal subtypes in the central nervous system.

Caroline Rouaux1, Salman Bhai, Paola Arlotta

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Developmental Neurobiology
|March 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Recent nuclear reprogramming discoveries show that even the adult central nervous system (CNS) can change identity. This review explores CNS cell reprogramming potential and using developmental signals for regenerative medicine.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons
06:42

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Published on: August 18, 2014

Isolation and Direct Neuronal Reprogramming of Mouse Astrocytes
07:25

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In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors
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In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Published on: June 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Nuclear reprogramming challenges the dogma of immutable cell identity.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) was historically considered unchanging.
  • Recent findings suggest adult CNS cells possess plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review current knowledge on CNS cell identity reprogramming.
  • Examine the role of developmental signals in CNS cell fate.
  • Discuss challenges and progress in generating neuronal subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of nuclear reprogramming and CNS plasticity studies.
  • Analysis of developmental signaling pathways in cell fate determination.
  • Evaluation of strategies for neuronal subtype generation.

Main Results:

  • Differentiated cells, including in the CNS, can be reprogrammed to new identities.
  • Developmental signals play a crucial role in directing cell fate decisions within the CNS.
  • Precise generation of specific neuronal subtypes is achievable but challenging.

Conclusions:

  • CNS cell identity is more plastic than previously thought.
  • Harnessing developmental signals offers potential for CNS regenerative medicine.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in targeted neuronal generation.