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Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Toward a meningitis-free world.

Steven Black¹, Mariagrazia Pizza, Mikkel Nissum

¹Center for Global Health, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45326, USA.

Science Translational Medicine

|March 2, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New vaccines targeting the five major meningococcal serogroups are becoming available. These advancements, including a conjugate vaccine for serogroup A and a protein-based vaccine for serogroup B, offer hope for eradicating meningococcal meningitis.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

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Published on: May 7, 2020

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

Published on: July 14, 2020

Area of Science:

Medical Microbiology
Vaccinology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Meningococcal meningitis is a severe and frequently fatal infectious disease.
The disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium with multiple serogroups.
Historically, control has been challenging due to the limited availability of effective vaccines against all major serogroups.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the imminent availability of new vaccines against meningococcal meningitis.
To emphasize the potential impact of these vaccines on global public health.
To discuss the significance of these vaccines in the context of disease eradication.

Main Methods:

Review of recent developments in meningococcal vaccine technology.
Analysis of the current epidemiological landscape of meningococcal meningitis.
Assessment of the potential public health impact of newly available vaccines.

Main Results:

A conjugate vaccine targeting meningococcus serogroup A is currently in use for mass vaccination campaigns in Africa.
A protein-based vaccine for meningococcus serogroup B is nearing licensure.
Vaccines against the five major disease-causing meningococcal serogroups are expected to become widely available.

Conclusions:

The advent of new vaccines against major meningococcal serogroups marks a significant milestone in combating meningitis.
Widespread vaccination has the potential to eradicate meningococcal meningitis globally.
These vaccines represent a new era in the prevention and control of this devastating disease.