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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Published on: June 23, 2023

Hemorrhoids.

Caroline Sanchez¹, Bertram T Chinn

¹Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Edison, New Jersey.

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery

|March 2, 2012

Summary

Hemorrhoid disease is a common condition managed nonoperatively. This review covers hemorrhoid anatomy, causes, symptoms, and treatments for effective patient care.

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Colorectal Surgery

Background:

Hemorrhoid disease is a prevalent condition frequently necessitating specialist consultation.
Nonoperative strategies form the cornerstone of initial hemorrhoid management.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of hemorrhoid disease.
To detail the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options for hemorrhoids.

Main Methods:

Literature review of hemorrhoid disease.
Synthesis of current knowledge on hemorrhoid pathophysiology and management.

Main Results:

Hemorrhoids are the leading cause for patient visits to colorectal surgeons.
Most cases are amenable to nonoperative medical or office-based procedural interventions.

Keywords:

Hemorrhoids bleeding ligation medical management prolapse thrombosis

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Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

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Combination of High Ligation and Intraoperative Embolization Using Polidocanol for Treatment of Varicoceles

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Conclusions:

Understanding hemorrhoid anatomy and pathophysiology is crucial for diagnosis.
Nonoperative management is effective for the majority of hemorrhoid cases.