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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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Published on: March 22, 2012

TIR RXI collimator.

Dejan Grabovičkić1, Pablo Benítez, Juan C Miñano

  • 1CEDINT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain. dejan@cedint.upm.es

Optics Express
|March 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel, metal-free plastic collimator was developed using the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) method. This design offers improved color mixing and source uniformity insensitivity, reducing manufacturing costs.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Conventional RXI collimators often require metalization, increasing cost and complexity.
  • Metalized surfaces can limit performance in terms of color mixing and uniformity.
  • Plastic collimators offer potential for lower cost and simpler manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a completely metal-free RXI collimator.
  • To investigate the performance of a plastic collimator for improved color mixing and uniformity insensitivity.
  • To reduce manufacturing costs associated with traditional collimator designs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) design method.
  • Developed a collimator solely from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plastic.
  • Incorporated a grooved back surface to achieve two TIR reflections for all incident rays.

Main Results:

  • The metal-free collimator demonstrated good color mixing capabilities.
  • The design showed high insensitivity to source non-uniformities.
  • Experimental results closely matched simulated design predictions.
  • Manufacturing costs are significantly reduced due to the elimination of metalization.

Conclusions:

  • The metal-free, plastic RXI collimator is a viable alternative to conventional designs.
  • The SMS method enables the creation of cost-effective and high-performance collimators.
  • This innovative design offers advantages in optical performance and manufacturability.