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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response
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Immune response increases predation risk.

Oliver Otti1, Iris Gantenbein-Ritter1, Alain Jacot1

  • 1University of Bern, Zoological Institute, Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland E-mail: ootti@mac.comAnimal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|March 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The immune system

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Immune system costs are often studied through metabolism-tradeoffs.
  • Ecological factors, like predation, are frequently overlooked in immunity research.
  • Understanding the full costs of immune activation requires considering the environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the survival costs of immune activation in field crickets.
  • To determine if predation risk influences the survival cost of an active immune system.
  • To highlight the role of ecological context in the evolution of immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Male field crickets were experimentally immune-challenged.
  • Crickets were exposed to a predator stimulus in controlled environments.
  • Survival rates and behavioral responses (time outside burrows, reaction to predator) were compared between immune-challenged and control groups.
  • Experiments were conducted in both predator-present and predator-absent conditions.

Main Results:

  • Immune-challenged male crickets had significantly lower survival rates when exposed to a predator compared to controls.
  • No significant survival difference was observed between immune-challenged and control crickets in a predator-free environment.
  • Immune-challenged males exhibited increased time spent outside burrows and slower reactions to simulated predator attacks.

Conclusions:

  • The survival cost of immune activation is context-dependent, specifically influenced by predation risk.
  • Increased susceptibility to predation is a key survival cost of immunity.
  • Ecological factors, particularly predation, are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of optimal immune investment.