Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2026
Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
Published on: July 24, 2018
Comparison of the orthodontic load systems created with elastomeric power chain to close extraction spaces on
Catherine Kroczek1, Katherine Kula2, Kelton Stewart3
1Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
Introduction:
The 3-dimensional load system (forces and moments) was quantified at the canine bracket during space closure with sliding mechanics with elastomeric chain on dry and wet stainless steel and beta-titanium 0.019 × 0.025-in archwires.
Methods:
A custom-made maxillary dentoform simulating first premolar extractions was attached to an orthodontic force tester. The canine was attached to a load cell through an adaptor with silicone simulating the periodontal ligament. The orthodontic force tester simultaneously measured the entire load system produced at the canine bracket by an elastomeric chain. The effects of archwire material, time (activation and 1 hour), and lubrication were analyzed by using 3-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, α = 0.05).
Results:
Stainless steel provided a greater (P = 0.001) load system than did beta-titanium. The force was greatest on the canine in the lingual axis. The greatest moment was about the y-axis. The moment-to-force ratio, the most critical ratio, was greater for beta-titanium than stainless steel; however, both were close to the ideal 10:1.
Conclusions:
With a stainless steel archwire for retraction sliding mechanics, a canine will experience a greater load system in all 3 dimensions than with a beta-titanium wire. Both archwires produced a moment-to-force ratio adequate for translation.
