A multibiomarker approach in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, exposed to contaminated sediments

Juvenile turbot were exposed in laboratory conditions to a mixture of chemical contaminants associated with harbour and estuarine sediments for seven and 21 days. Several molecular biomarkers of exposure were then measured in fish liver: two biotransformation parameters [ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities] and an antioxidant enzyme activity [catalase (CAT)]. Modifications at the histological level were analysed by the measurement of the number and size of melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) and disturbances to the immune function by the measurement of cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and development of the thymus. The responses of these molecular and immunological biomarkers were correlated with metal and PAH concentrations measured in sediments and with the physiological performance of turbot analysed in a previous study on the same fish (growth rates, condition factor K, RNA:DNA ratio and lipid index). While no difference was found in thymus analysis, some molecular and immunological responses were observed in fish exposed to contaminated sediments. Weak relationships between molecular biomarkers' responses and PAH concentrations were recorded, while their responses were significantly correlated with some metals. MMC and aggregates were weakly related to chemical contaminants whereas some significant correlations were found between TGF-b1 responses and some metal concentrations. However, molecular and immunological biomarkers were weakly related to fish physiological damages since low responses were observed in the condition which led to the lowest growth and condition indices. These data suggest the complexity of cause-effect relationships between exposure to pollutants, metabolisms and health damages. Precautions should be considered in the use of molecular and immunological biomarkers alone in biomonitoring programs. Their complementary use with physiological biomarkers, such as fish growth and condition indices, could improve their utilisation.