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Measuring empathizing and systemizing with a large US sample.

Daniel B Wright1, Elin M Skagerberg

  • 1Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America. dwright@fiu.edu

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that rephrasing negative questions on the empathizing quotient (EQ) and systemizing quotient (SQ) tests improved response speed and reliability. Self-reported empathy and systemizing moderately correlated with quotient scores, with sex differences observed.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The Empathizing Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) are widely used measures of cognitive styles.
  • Previous versions of these questionnaires contained negatively phrased items that may have impacted response times and reliability.
  • Understanding individual differences in empathizing and systemizing is crucial for various fields, including developmental psychology and educational research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of rephrasing negatively worded items on the EQ and SQ.
  • To assess the reliability and validity of the revised EQ and SQ versions.
  • To examine the correlation between self-assessments and quotient scores, and explore sex differences in empathizing and systemizing.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed one of two versions of the EQ and SQ: an original version or a revised version with negatively phrased items reworded.
  • Response times for each item were recorded.
  • Internal consistency (reliability) of the scales was calculated.
  • Self-assessment scores for empathizing and systemizing were collected and correlated with the respective quotient scores.
  • Sex differences in EQ and SQ scores were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The revised EQ and SQ versions, featuring reworded items, were answered more quickly than the original versions.
  • The revised SQ demonstrated improved scale reliability.
  • Self-reported empathizing and systemizing scores showed moderate correlations (r ≈ .6) with the corresponding quotient scores.
  • Females, on average, scored higher on the EQ, while males, on average, scored higher on the SQ.
  • Randomly paired females were more likely than males to report higher empathizing scores (approx. two-thirds of the time), and males were more likely than females to report higher systemizing scores (approx. two-thirds of the time).

Conclusions:

  • Rephrasing negatively worded items in the EQ and SQ enhances response speed and, for the SQ, improves reliability.
  • Self-perceptions of empathizing and systemizing align moderately with objective quotient measures.
  • Observed sex differences in empathizing and systemizing tendencies are consistent with existing literature.
  • The revised EQ and SQ offer a more efficient and potentially more accurate assessment of these cognitive styles.