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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and 1:1...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Alkali halide clusters produced by fast ion impact.

Francisco Alberto Fernandez-Lima1, Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento, Enio Frota da Silveira

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77940-3012.

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
|March 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Alkali halide clusters adopt diverse structures like nanotubes and cubic forms. Compact geometries, such as cubic and nanotube alkali halide clusters, exhibit greater stability than linear or cyclic arrangements.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Alkali halide clusters are fundamental units in materials science.
  • Understanding their geometries and stabilities is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Previous studies have explored various cluster configurations, but a comprehensive analysis of abundant geometries and relative stabilities is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the most abundant geometries of alkali halide clusters with a (XY)(n) configuration.
  • To analyze the relative stabilities of these different cluster structures.
  • To identify patterns in cluster formation and stability based on size and geometry.

Main Methods:

  • Computational modeling to generate and characterize cluster geometries.
  • Energy analysis, including D-plots, to determine relative stabilities.
  • Systematic exploration of linear, cyclic, cubic, arc strip, and nanotube series.

Main Results:

  • Five primary series of alkali halide clusters were identified: linear, cyclic, cubic, arc strips, and nanotubes.
  • Higher cluster members can form from lower members or binary building blocks.
  • Compact structures (cubic and nanotubes) are more stable than linear, cyclic, or arc strip forms.
  • The relative stability between cubic and nanotube series is dependent on cluster size.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the preferred geometries and stability trends in alkali halide clusters.
  • Compact, highly symmetric structures like cubes and nanotubes offer enhanced stability.
  • Cluster size significantly influences the competition between different stable configurations, particularly cubic and nanotube forms.