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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
09:35

Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

Published on: April 20, 2021

Germinal center B-cells.

Keith M Hamel1, Vladimir M Liarski, Marcus R Clark

  • 1Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Khamel@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

Autoimmunity
|March 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germinal center reactions generate antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B-cells. Understanding B-cell fate determination in germinal centers is crucial for immune defense and preventing disease.

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Germinal center (GC) reactions in lymphoid organs are essential for producing high-affinity antibodies and memory B-cells for host defense.
  • GC formation requires antigen-specific B-cell activation by T-cells and is facilitated by the unique architecture of secondary lymphoid organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail recent advances in germinal center B-cell biology, focusing on their generation and fate determination.
  • To explore the pathogenic potential of germinal center B-cells and regulatory mechanisms controlling their proliferation and survival.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews recent advances in understanding germinal center B-cell biology.
  • It discusses the transcriptional profiles, migration patterns, and cellular interactions within the germinal center microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • Antigen-activated B-cells initiate GC transcriptional profiles and migrate to follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks.
  • GC B-cells undergo somatic hypermutation in dark zones and compete for signals in light zones from FDCs and T-follicular helper (T(FH)) cells.
  • These signals determine B-cell fate as memory cells or plasma cells, with regulatory mechanisms preventing oncogenesis and autoreactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advances illuminate the complex processes of B-cell generation and fate determination within germinal centers.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for both effective immunity and preventing B-cell-related pathologies.