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Related Concept Videos

G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
10:46

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Published on: May 3, 2017

Glutamate-based depression GBD.

Dennis J McCarthy1, Robert Alexander, Mark A Smith

  • 1Clinical Neuroscience AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE, USA. dennis.mccarthy@astrazeneca.com

Medical Hypotheses
|March 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce glutamate-based depression (GBD), a chronic illness linked to environmental stress and altered glutamate neurotransmission. Glutamate over-activation may explain depression

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Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
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Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Depression is a complex syndrome with various potential causes.
  • Altered glutamate neurotransmission is observed in several conditions.
  • The link between glutamate and depression requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define glutamate-based depression (GBD).
  • To propose a hypothesis on the role of glutamate in depression's etiology.
  • To explore a common pathophysiological mechanism for depression in related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Literature review and hypothesis formulation.
  • Analysis of existing data on glutamate and depression.

Main Results:

  • A new term, glutamate-based depression (GBD), is defined.
  • Hypothesized role of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor over-activation in Brodmann's 25.
  • Potential explanation for co-morbid depression in glutamate-related disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Glutamate neurotransmission disruption may underlie a significant portion of depression.
  • GBD offers a novel perspective on depression's pathophysiology.
  • Further research is warranted to validate the GBD hypothesis.