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Updated: May 24, 2026

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers
Published on: January 5, 2024
Optimizing fibromyalgia management
Kari A Firestone1, Kathleen F Holton, Scott D Mist
1Oregon Health & Sciences University School of Nursing, Portland, OR, USA.
Abstract:
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a persistent pain state commonly diagnosed and managed by nurse practitioners. This article summarizes current information regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic standards, and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments necessary to successfully manage FM.
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