Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
Continuity of a Function01:23

Continuity of a Function

A function is continuous at a point a if three conditions are met: the function is defined at a, the limit of the function as x approaches a exists, and this limit equals the function’s value. Mathematically, this is written asThis definition ensures the graph of the function does not exhibit any breaks, holes, or jumps at that point. Discontinuities occur when any of these conditions fail. A removable discontinuity exists when the two-sided limit exists but the function is either undefined or...
Second Uniqueness Theorem01:16

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
In contrast, consider that the electric field is non-unique and apply Gauss's law in divergence form in the region between the conductors and the integral form to the surface...
Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation01:19

Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation

A complete procedure to test a claim about population standard deviation or population variance is explained here.
The hypothesis testing for the claim of population standard deviation (or variance) requires the data and samples to be random and unbiased. The population distribution also must be normal. There is no specific requirement on the sample size as the estimation is based on the chi-square distribution.
As a first step, the hypothesis (null and alternative) concerning the claim about...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Imaginative Thought.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same author

Inference and Imagination.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same author

Mistakes in Thinking about Cognitive Science and How to Reduce Them.

eNeuro·2024
Same author

Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises.

Cognitive science·2024
Same author

Reasoning about possibilities: Modal logics, possible worlds, and mental models.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2024
Same author

Introduction to Progress and Puzzles of Cognitive Science: Introduction to a Wiley Virtual Issue.

Cognitive science·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

The consistency of disjunctive assertions.

P N Johnson-Laird1, Max Lotstein, Ruth M J Byrne

  • 1Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Memory & Cognition
|March 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People often misjudge logical consistency in reasoning tasks involving exclusive disjunctions. This study reveals common errors in understanding "either A or else B" statements, impacting logical judgments.

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Logic and Reasoning
  • Human Decision-Making

Background:

  • Reasoning from disjunctions, particularly the exclusive form 'either A or else B', is fundamental to logical thought.
  • Previous research has explored logical fallacies, but specific phenomena in disjunctive reasoning remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a new phenomenon in human reasoning with exclusive disjunctions.
  • To investigate how individuals assess the consistency of complex logical statements involving disjunctions and conjunctions.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving participants evaluating the simultaneous truth of assertion pairs.
  • Participants were presented with statements featuring exclusive disjunctions and conjunctions, or pairs of disjunctions.

Main Results:

  • Individuals tend to focus on the truth of individual clauses within an exclusive disjunction, neglecting the concurrent falsity of the alternative.
  • This selective focus leads to illusions of consistency and inconsistency when evaluating statement pairs, even when logically unsound.

Conclusions:

  • The findings demonstrate a systematic error in disjunctive reasoning, termed illusions of consistency/inconsistency.
  • These results support the model theory of reasoning, suggesting that mental models of possibilities influence logical judgments.