Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The immunology behind inflammaging - causes, sources, and mechanisms.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026
Same author

Immune responses in aging adults.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Macrophage metabolic exhaustion and PANoptotic cell death drive chronic tissue inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunity·2026
Same author

Lipid droplet-induced T cell death sustains autoimmune tissue inflammation.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same author

Antigen-specific T<sub>H</sub>17 cells offset the age-related decline in durable T cell immunity.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Immune Age, Cardiovascular Disease, and Anti-Viral Immunity.

Cells·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
07:58

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

Finding Balance: T cell Regulatory Receptor Expression during Aging.

Mary M Cavanagh1, Qian Qi, Cornelia M Weyand

  • 1Department of Medicine: Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 and Palo Alto Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.

Aging and Disease
|March 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

As people age, their immune systems change, leading to weaker protection against infections and vaccines. This study explores how T cell surface receptor changes impact immune function in aging.

Keywords:
AgingNK receptorsT cell costimulationT cell regulationinhibitory receptors

More Related Videos

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
07:58

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Published on: April 16, 2012

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Aging significantly alters immune system responsiveness.
  • Hallmarks of aging include reduced infection protection, diminished vaccine responses, and increased autoimmunity risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of regulatory receptor expression changes on T cells.
  • To understand how these T cell surface alterations contribute to immune dysfunction during aging.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cell surface receptor expression.
  • Assessment of immune cell function in aged models.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific changes in regulatory receptor expression on T cells with age.
  • Correlated these receptor changes with observed alterations in immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Changes in T cell regulatory receptor expression are a key mechanism underlying age-related immune decline.
  • Targeting these receptors may offer strategies to improve immunity in older adults.