Revisiting the Brewster Angle Microscopy: the relevance of the polar headgroup

The Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) is a powerful microscopy technique allowing the in situ visualization of the morphology of Langmuir monolayers at the air/water interface. The use of the BAM for attaining structural insights in the molecular arrangement of the Langmuir monolayers is widespread. In this review, we examine the reflection of a Langmuir monolayer under a rather different perspective than classical: the influence of the polar headgroup of the amphiphiles in the BAM images is taken into account. The relevance of the polar headgroup as the main cause of the BAM features has been the focus of a reduced number of BAM studies. An emerging experimental and theoretical framework from recent bibliography is discussed. Different theoretical scenarios are considered, concerning the size and absorption of radiation of the polar headgroup. Two qualitative examples showing physical phenomena regarding the reflectivity changes in a BAM experiments are discussed. The anisotropy in the BAM images as inner textures is of special interest. Quantitative structural information of the molecular arrangement of the monolayer is obtained by simulating the textures of the domains observed. The quantitative assessment of the detailed molecular arrangement of the polar headgroup by BAM is highly valuable, as this information can hardly be obtained from other experimental techniques. The procedure for extracting quantitative structural data from the experimental BAM pictures is revised in detail from the recent bibliography for further application of this model to different Langmuir monolayers.