Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Brainstem

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Longitudinal Adherence Trajectories to Statins and Antithrombotic Therapy After Ischemic Stroke and Their Impact on Low-Density Lipoprotein Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026

Same author

Impact of Risk Factors and a New Transfer Pathway on Endovascular Thrombectomy Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

World neurosurgery·2025

Same author

Combined Deletion of Mitofusin 2 in Adipose-Mesenchymal Derived Stem Cells and Melatonin Offers Additional Benefits on Protecting the Brain Against Acute Ischemic Stroke in Rat.

Antioxidants & redox signaling·2025

Same author

Additional benefits of combined ceftriaxone and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on revamping the outcomes in rodent after acute spinal infection.

Journal of molecular histology·2025

Same author

Long term outcomes of intracarotid arterial transfusion of circulatory-derived autologous CD34 + cells for acute ischemic stroke patients-A randomized, open-label, controlled phase II clinical trial.

Stem cell research & therapy·2024

Same author

Addition of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves empagliflozin therapy for alleviating hyperglycemia--induced neuropathy.

American journal of translational research·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

Published on: June 2, 2023

Salt-and-pepper eye pain and brainstem stroke.

Wei-Hsi Chen¹, Chi Chui, Hung-Sheng Lin

¹Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

|March 9, 2012

Summary

Ocular salt-and-pepper pain, often linked to brainstem stroke, signals potential neurological deterioration. Prompt identification is crucial for managing this rare condition.

More Related Videos

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Published on: September 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

Published on: June 2, 2023

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome

Published on: September 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Neurology
Ophthalmology

Background:

Salt-and-pepper pain is a distinct sensory disturbance affecting the eyes and facial structures.
The exact cause and clinical importance of this condition remain unclear, despite previous reports suggesting a poor prognosis.

Observation:

This study details four patients with ocular salt-and-pepper pain and reviews eight additional cases from literature.
All documented cases of salt-and-pepper pain were associated with brainstem stroke, primarily pontine hemorrhage.

Findings:

In the 12 patients studied, the underlying cause was exclusively brainstem stroke (hypertensive hemorrhage or cavernous hemangioma).
Neurological deterioration occurred within 24 hours of pain onset in all patients, with rapid subsidence of ocular pain thereafter.
A proposed mechanism involves dual excitation of pain fibers and disinhibition of the trigeminosensory system.

Implications:

Ocular salt-and-pepper pain, even with normal-appearing eyes, warrants immediate investigation for intracranial pathology.
Early recognition and diagnosis are vital for managing patients at risk of neurological decline.