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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
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Pleura of the Lungs01:13

Pleura of the Lungs

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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Robotic-assisted Left Pneumonectomy For Vanishing Lung Syndrome
07:27

Robotic-assisted Left Pneumonectomy For Vanishing Lung Syndrome

Published on: January 23, 2026

Farmer's lung in a case after bullectomy.

Dirk Koschel1, Jan Holfert, Axel Rolle

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Fachkrankenhaus Coswig, Centre for Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Coswig, Germany. dr.koschel@fachkrankenhaus-coswig.de

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
|March 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights farmer's lung (FL), a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, presenting unusually as a giant bulla. Diagnosis was confirmed through antibody testing and a hay inhalation challenge.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Robotic-assisted Left Pneumonectomy For Vanishing Lung Syndrome
07:27

Robotic-assisted Left Pneumonectomy For Vanishing Lung Syndrome

Published on: January 23, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Farmer's lung (FL) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) caused by inhaling thermophilic actinomycetes found in moldy hay.
  • HP typically presents with interstitial lung disease, but atypical presentations can occur.

Observation:

  • A 70-year-old woman with exertional dyspnea was evaluated for a large lung bulla.
  • Post-surgical lung biopsy showed follicular lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomas, suggestive of HP.
  • High-resolution CT scans did not reveal typical HP radiologic features.

Findings:

  • Specific IgG antibodies for FL antigens were detected.
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage showed no lymphocytic alveolitis.
  • An inhalation challenge with the patient's own hay was positive, confirming FL.
  • A diagnosis of chronic farmer's lung was established, with the bulla as the primary manifestation.

Implications:

  • Giant bullae are an unreported primary manifestation of chronic farmer's lung.
  • This case expands the spectrum of clinical and radiological presentations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
  • Highlights the importance of considering occupational exposures in diagnosing lung diseases, even with atypical findings.