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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria. In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Robust Mitochondrial Isolation from Rodent Cardiac Tissue

Robust Mitochondrial Isolation from Rodent Cardiac Tissue

Published on: August 23, 2024

Mitochondria and heart disease.

Elinor J Griffiths¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Elinor.Griffiths@bristol.ac.uk

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 9, 2012

Summary

Mitochondria are crucial for heart function and disease. Targeting mitochondrial pathways, like the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), shows promise for treating heart conditions, though challenges remain for therapeutic application.

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Mitochondrial Physiology
Molecular Cardiology

Background:

Mitochondria are vital for cardiac energy homeostasis, matching ATP supply to demand via calcium (Ca2+) transport.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload contributes to heart disease pathogenesis, including reactive oxygen species generation and MPTP opening.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of mitochondria in normal heart function and heart disease.
To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial pathways for cardioprotection.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on mitochondrial function in the heart.
Analysis of experimental and clinical studies on mitochondrial-targeted therapies.
Discussion of genetic mitochondrial cardiomyopathies.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

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Main Results:

Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport regulates ATP supply and is implicated in pathological processes.
Inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) demonstrate cardioprotection in experimental and human studies.
Mitochondrially-targeted antioxidants show promise in animal models.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial pathways are critical in heart function and disease, offering therapeutic targets.
MPTP inhibition and targeted antioxidants represent promising cardioprotective strategies.
Targeting mitochondrial Ca2+ transport requires further research due to non-specific drug effects.