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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Live Cell STED Imaging to Visualize Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Ultrastructure in Neuronal Cell Models

Using Live Cell STED Imaging to Visualize Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Ultrastructure in Neuronal Cell Models

Published on: June 30, 2023

Mitochondria in neurodegeneration.

E Lezi¹, Russell H Swerdlow

¹Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66209, USA. le2@kumc.edu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 9, 2012

Summary

Mitochondrial dysfunction is common in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Research explores if these mitochondrial issues are a cause or consequence of neuronal death.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit abnormal mitochondrial structure and function.
These mitochondrial alterations can be systemic, affecting more than just the brain.
The exact role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and document mitochondrial abnormalities in major neurodegenerative diseases.
To investigate the potential involvement of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disease pathways.

Main Methods:

Literature review and cataloging of mitochondrial perturbations.
Analysis of existing data on mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative conditions.

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Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Live Cell STED Imaging to Visualize Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Ultrastructure in Neuronal Cell Models

Using Live Cell STED Imaging to Visualize Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Ultrastructure in Neuronal Cell Models

Published on: June 30, 2023

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Histological Examination of Mitochondrial Morphology in a Parkinson's Disease Model

Published on: June 23, 2023

Main Results:

Mitochondrial morphology and biochemical function are disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD).
The origins of mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., mtDNA, nuclear proteins) are varied and not always clear.
The precise position of mitochondrial dysfunction within the cascade of neuronal death is often uncertain.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a recurring feature across several major neurodegenerative diseases.
Evidence suggests mitochondria play a critical role in the pathological cascades leading to neurodegeneration.
Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death.