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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
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Published on: May 10, 2018

Context-dependent function of a conserved translational regulatory module.

Qinwen Liu1, Craig Stumpf, Cristel Thomas

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|March 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

PUF proteins regulate germline sex determination in Caenorhabditis. In C. elegans, they limit spermatogenesis, but in C. briggsae, related PUF proteins promote it by repressing GLD-1, showing context-dependent roles.

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Published on: December 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Post-transcriptional regulation is a key evolutionary mechanism, yet less studied than transcriptional control.
  • In Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, PUF proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 limit spermatogenesis by repressing FEM-3 and GLD-1.
  • Convergent evolution of selfing in C. briggsae presents an opportunity to study alternative post-transcriptional regulatory strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of PUF homologs in C. briggsae, focusing on their role in germline sex determination.
  • To understand how PUF proteins evolved distinct sex determination roles in different Caenorhabditis species.
  • To explore novel functions of PUF paralogs in development.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics to identify PUF homologs in C. briggsae.
  • Genetic analysis using knockout and knockdown strategies.
  • Molecular and biochemical assays to study protein-RNA interactions and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • C. briggsae possesses PUF-2 subfamily members (Cbr-puf-2, Cbr-puf-1.2) with redundant roles in promoting hermaphrodite spermatogenesis, unlike C. elegans FBF-1/2.
  • These C. briggsae PUF proteins repress Cbr-gld-1, which, conversely, limits spermatogenesis.
  • PUF proteins lack sex determination roles in gonochoristic Caenorhabditis species.
  • Cbr-puf-2 has essential, non-redundant roles in embryonic and larval development.

Conclusions:

  • PUF genes were co-opted for sex determination in hermaphroditic Caenorhabditis species through their association with gld-1.
  • The specific sex-determining function of PUF proteins is context-dependent, varying across species.
  • Recently duplicated PUF paralogs can rapidly acquire distinct functions, impacting both germline sex determination and somatic development.