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Updated: May 24, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Inner ear decompression sickness in compressed-air diving.

Christoph Klingmann¹

¹Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany. tauchersprechstunde@gmail.com

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc

|March 10, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recreational divers with inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) frequently have a right-to-left shunt, leading to vertigo. This suggests gas bubbles may cause IEDCS, particularly affecting the vestibular system.

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Area of Science:

Diving Medicine
Hyperbaric Physiology
Neurology

Background:

Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is increasingly reported in recreational diving.
Understanding IEDCS pathophysiology is crucial for diver safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze dive profiles, symptoms, and onset times in IEDCS patients.
To investigate the association between IEDCS and right-to-left shunts (r/l shunt).

Main Methods:

Examined 34 divers diagnosed with IEDCS.
Analyzed dive profiles, symptom patterns, and time of onset.
Assessed for the presence of a r/l shunt.

Main Results:

30 divers were analyzed after excluding mixed gas users.
73.3% of divers (22/30) had a r/l shunt.
All divers experienced vertigo; 40% had hearing loss, with symptoms appearing within 120 minutes of ascent.

Conclusions:

A right-to-left shunt is common in IEDCS patients.
The vestibular system is more frequently affected than the cochlea due to perfusion and size differences.
Arterial bubbles from inert gas supersaturation are a likely cause of IEDCS.