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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

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Published on: June 11, 2012

Hypoglycemia in critically ill children.

E Vincent S Faustino1, Eliotte L Hirshberg, Clifford W Bogue

  • 1Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. vince.faustino@yale.edu

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|March 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoglycemia in critically ill children is a concern. Defining it as <40-45 mg/dl in neonates and <60-65 mg/dl in children is suggested, as lower levels correlate with worse outcomes.

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Published on: August 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
  • Neonatal Intensive Care
  • Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

  • Glycemic control in critically ill patients often involves intravenous insulin, raising concerns about hypoglycemia, particularly in children.
  • Limited research exists on the specific impact of hypoglycemia in pediatric and neonatal populations.
  • This review addresses the existing literature on hypoglycemia in critically ill neonates and children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on hypoglycemia in critically ill neonates and children.
  • To propose evidence-based definitions for hypoglycemia in these vulnerable patient groups.
  • To identify risk factors and suggest preventive strategies for hypoglycemia.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted up to August 2011.
  • Databases searched included PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and ISI Web of Science.
  • Search terms focused on "hypoglycemia" and "critical illness" in pediatric populations (0-18 years).

Main Results:

  • 132 articles were included from an initial 513, highlighting hypoglycemia as a significant concern for pediatric intensivists.
  • Suggested hypoglycemia definitions: <40-45 mg/dl in neonates and <60-65 mg/dl in children.
  • Lower glucose levels are associated with adverse neurological outcomes, prolonged intensive care unit stays, and increased mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Current research often focuses on spontaneous hypoglycemia, neglecting insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
  • Further investigation into risk factors and outcomes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia is crucial.
  • Implementing precise monitoring and computerized protocols can help prevent hypoglycemia and improve outcomes.