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Updated: May 24, 2026

Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS
Published on: July 3, 2025
Evaluation of sulfonated graphene sheets as sorbent for micro-solid-phase extraction combined with gas
Hong Zhang1, Wei Ping Low, Hian Kee Lee
1Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
Abstract:
This report describes the use of sulfonated graphene sheets as sorbent in micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE), together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. In this study, for the first time, graphene sheets were used as a sorbent material for this mode of microextraction. The modified graphene sheets were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. μ-SPE parameters such as extraction time, desorption time and desorption solvent were optimized. The method showed good precision, reproducibility and linear response for PAH analysis over a concentration range of 0.05-100 μg/L for naphthalene and 0.01-100 μg/L for the remaining PAHs (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene) with coefficient of determination (r(2)) of higher than 0.992. Limits of detection of from 0.8 to 3.9 ng/L for 7 PAHs were achieved. The developed method was successfully applied to determine PAHs in river water samples.
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