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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
07:55

A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Published on: March 7, 2019

Nucleosomes suppress spontaneous mutations base-specifically in eukaryotes.

Xiaoshu Chen1, Zhidong Chen, Han Chen

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bio-control, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nucleosomes significantly reduce spontaneous DNA mutations, particularly C→T changes, by suppressing cytosine deamination. This finding impacts our understanding of genome evolution and mutation origins in diseases.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis
09:04

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Spontaneous mutations are crucial for genome evolution but their origins are not fully understood.
  • DNA structure, specifically its packaging into nucleosomes, is hypothesized to influence mutation rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how DNA composition and structure, particularly nucleosome occupancy, affect spontaneous mutation rates in eukaryotic genomes.
  • To quantify the impact of nucleosomes on specific mutation types, such as C→T, G→T, and A→T.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analyses were employed to compare mutation patterns in different genomic regions.
  • A mutation accumulation experiment was conducted to directly measure mutation rates under controlled conditions.

Main Results:

  • Nucleosome occupancy was found to nearly eliminate cytosine deamination, reducing the C→T mutation rate by approximately 50% in nucleosomal DNA.
  • Nucleosomes also suppressed the rates of G→T and A→T mutations by about twofold.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleosome-dependent mutation spectra play a significant role in shaping eukaryotic genome structure and evolution.
  • These findings have implications for understanding the origins of mutations in diseases like cancer and in induced pluripotent stem cells.