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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
11:31

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

Mechanisms of stomatal development.

Lynn Jo Pillitteri1, Keiko U Torii

  • 1Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA. lynn.pillitteri@wwu.edu

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant stomata, crucial for gas exchange, develop through precise cell-state transitions regulated by genes and environmental signals. Understanding these mechanisms informs plant biology and development.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Stomata regulate CO(2) and water vapor exchange in plants.
  • Stomatal development involves cell-state transitions, positional signaling, and core cell-cycle genes.
  • Environmental signals modulate stomatal development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms governing stomatal development.
  • To highlight genes controlling cell-fate specification, polarity, division, and communication.
  • To discuss the genetic framework for stomatal spacing, density, and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of genes controlling stomatal development.
  • Analysis of positional signaling pathways (peptide ligands, transmembrane receptors).
  • Integration of environmental signals into developmental programs.

Main Results:

  • Identification of transcription factors regulating stomatal cell-state transitions.
  • Elucidation of downstream effects on cell-cycle genes.
  • Discovery of premitotic polarly localized proteins in Arabidopsis and maize.

Conclusions:

  • Stomatal development is a complex process involving intricate genetic and signaling networks.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to controlling plant gas exchange and adaptation.
  • Further research on cell polarity will enhance knowledge of plant development.