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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Attosecond science: recent highlights and future trends.

Lukas Gallmann1, Claudio Cirelli, Ursula Keller

  • 1Physics Department, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland. gallmann@phys.ethz.ch

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Attosecond science explores fundamental natural processes on extremely short timescales. Recent advances in attosecond spectroscopy challenge established assumptions and expand applications into complex systems.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Atomic and molecular physics
  • Ultrafast spectroscopy

Background:

  • Attosecond science has rapidly advanced over the past decade.
  • It utilizes sophisticated spectroscopic tools to probe ultrafast phenomena.
  • Fundamental processes in nature are being investigated at unprecedented temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the first ten years of attosecond science.
  • To highlight recent experimental achievements and emerging trends.
  • To provide an outlook on future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of key attosecond spectroscopic techniques.
  • Examples of experiments using attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy.
  • Application of the attoclock method for time-resolved measurements.

Main Results:

  • Studies on single-photon ionization dynamics reveal subtle effects challenging existing theories.
  • Electron wave packet interferences in helium have been observed using attosecond transient absorption.
  • Electron tunneling dynamics and geometry have been investigated with attoclock.

Conclusions:

  • Attosecond science is pushing the frontiers of quantum mechanics with increasing resolution.
  • Unexpected observations arise from complex systems and limited theoretical models.
  • The field is expanding its impact into solid-state and molecular systems.