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Related Concept Videos

Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...

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Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation
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Intercellular (mis)communication in neurodegenerative disease.

Gwenn A Garden1, Albert R La Spada

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Neuron
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pathological cell-cell communication drives neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding dysfunctional neuron-glia and immune cell crosstalk is key to developing new therapies for these devastating conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative diseases are complex, with pathogenesis not fully understood.
  • Non-cell-autonomous processes are increasingly recognized as critical in disease initiation and progression.
  • Pathological cell-cell communication is a significant factor in neurodegeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the role of pathological cell-cell communication in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To highlight dysfunctional crosstalk between neurons, astroglia, and immune cells.
  • To discuss intercellular transmission of pathogenic proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on intercellular communication in neurodegeneration.
  • Focus on neuron-astroglia interactions.
  • Analysis of neuron-immune cell interactions and protein transmission.

Main Results:

  • Dysfunctional crosstalk between neurons and astroglia contributes to neurodegeneration.
  • Impaired communication between neurons and innate immune cells exacerbates pathology.
  • Intercellular transmission of pathogenic proteins is a key mechanism in disease spread.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding complex intercellular perturbations is crucial for neurodegenerative disease research.
  • Targeting pathological cell-cell communication may offer novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Developing effective treatments requires a comprehensive view of disease mechanisms.