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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

[Hepatitis E: an emerging disease].

D Bonnet1, N Kamar, J Izopet

  • 1Service de médecine interne, fédération digestive, CHU Purpan, place du Docteur-Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. bonnet.d@chu-toulouse.fr

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a global health concern. While typically acute, it poses risks to pregnant women, cirrhotic patients, and immunocompromised individuals, necessitating better diagnosis and management strategies.

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection
  • Zoonotic viral diseases
  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Context:

  • HEV is endemic in areas with poor sanitation, causing acute hepatitis primarily in young adults.
  • In industrialized nations, HEV is an emergent disease, often misdiagnosed and affecting elderly men with comorbidities.
  • Genotype 3 HEV, linked to pigs and wild boar, is prevalent in industrialized countries.

Purpose:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of Hepatitis E virus infection.
  • To highlight the differences in HEV presentation and outcomes between endemic and industrialized regions.
  • To discuss the potential for chronic HEV infection and its management.

Summary:

  • HEV infection presents as acute, self-limited hepatitis, but can be severe in pregnant women and cirrhotic patients.
  • In industrialized countries, HEV is increasingly recognized, often acquired locally and affecting specific demographics.
  • Chronic HEV infection can occur in immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
  • Diagnosis relies on serology and RT-PCR, with ribavirin showing efficacy in chronic cases.
  • While vaccines exist, they are not yet commercially available.

Impact:

  • Improved understanding of HEV epidemiology and risk factors in diverse populations.
  • Enhanced diagnostic approaches and clinical management strategies for HEV.
  • Potential for public health interventions targeting zoonotic transmission and vaccination programs.