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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
Equivalence: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioequivalence01:17

Equivalence: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioequivalence

Bioequivalence studies are crucial in evaluating whether new drugs can match an approved one regarding pharmacological effects and clinical performance. These studies test if drugs, despite different dosage forms, share identical plasma concentration-time profiles. Three types of equivalence are central to these studies: chemical, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic. Chemical equivalence indicates that two or more drug products contain identical active ingredients in equal amounts. Pharmaceutical...
Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment01:29

Clinically Relevant Drug Product Specifications: Methods of Establishment

Product specifications define the acceptable quality of a pharmaceutical product by ensuring identity, purity, potency, and strength. These specifications serve as benchmarks during development, manufacturing, and post-approval quality control. Clinically relevant specifications are particularly important because they directly relate to a drug's safety and efficacy in clinical use.Dissolution studies are critical biopharmaceutic tools that link in vitro behavior to in vivo performance. They...
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each indication due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
10:38

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

Inter-examiner agreement in clinical evaluation.

Alan Reubenson1, Tanis Schnepf, Robert Waller

  • 1School of Physiotherapy and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.

The Clinical Teacher
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Multiple examiners showed agreement on overall physiotherapy student performance. However, grading specific skills varied, highlighting the need for examiner training to improve assessment reliability.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Published on: January 16, 2019

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Multimodal Cross-Device and Marker-Free Co-Registration of Preclinical Imaging Modalities

Published on: October 27, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Physiotherapy Assessment
  • Competency Evaluation

Background:

  • Assessment reliability is crucial for evaluating competence in healthcare professions.
  • Multiple examiners in assessments can introduce variability.
  • Ensuring consistent evaluation of physiotherapy students is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine inter-examiner agreement in assessing a postgraduate physiotherapy student.
  • To evaluate the reliability of a specifically designed performance evaluation system.

Main Methods:

  • Seven examiners simultaneously assessed a recorded physiotherapy student examination and treatment.
  • The Postgraduate Physiotherapy Performance Assessment (PPPA) form guided the evaluation.
  • Examiners independently graded five performance categories and a global performance score.

Main Results:

  • Majority agreement (five of seven examiners) was found for the global performance grade.
  • Agreement was observed in four out of five performance categories.
  • Variability in grading specific performance categories and pass levels was noted, with some examiners awarding higher grades.

Conclusions:

  • Majority agreement exists for global performance assessment in physiotherapy clinical practice against set standards.
  • Variability in grading specific skills necessitates examiner training and calibration.
  • Improving inter-examiner agreement is vital for reliable multi-examiner assessments in physiotherapy.