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Updated: May 24, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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A least-squares identification algorithm for estimating squat exercise mechanics using a single inertial measurement

Vincent Bonnet1, Claudia Mazzà, Philippe Fraisse

  • 1Laboratory of Locomotor Apparatus Bioengineering, Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 6, 00135 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Biomechanics
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

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This study estimates lower-limb joint angles during squats using a single trunk sensor. The method accurately captures kinematics and forces, offering a simpler alternative to complex motion capture systems.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Analysis
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Estimating lower-limb joint kinematics is crucial for biomechanical analysis.
  • Traditional motion capture systems can be complex and costly.
  • Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offer a potential for simpler, wearable motion tracking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of estimating lower-limb joint kinematics (ankle, knee, hip) during sagittal plane squats using a single IMU on the lower trunk.
  • To validate the accuracy of the proposed estimation method against established motion capture techniques.

Main Methods:

  • A three-degrees-of-freedom planar human body model was used, representing joint angles with Fourier series.
  • A least-squares approach minimized differences between measured and estimated lower trunk linear accelerations and angular velocity.

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  • Validation involved ten healthy volunteers, with reference data from force plates and stereophotogrammetry.

    • Main Results:

    • Estimated joint angles showed root mean square differences below 4° and correlation coefficients above 0.99 compared to stereophotogrammetry.
    • The vertical force component at the ankle was estimated with ~3% accuracy (r=0.95).
    • Accuracies for horizontal force and couple components were lower but comparable to those from inverse dynamics, indicating minimal algorithm-induced error.

    Conclusions:

    • A single IMU on the lower trunk can accurately estimate lower-limb joint kinematics during squats.
    • The proposed method provides a valid and potentially more accessible alternative to complex motion capture for biomechanical analysis.
    • The accuracy of force component estimation is promising, though further refinement may be needed for horizontal and couple components.