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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Vitamin D compounds and diabetic nephropathy.

L A Plum1, J B Zella

  • 1Biochemistry Department, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. laplum@biochem.wisc.edu

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D is crucial for managing bone disease in kidney disease patients. Emerging research suggests new uses for vitamin D therapies, especially for those with diabetic nephropathy.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Vitamin D therapies have been a cornerstone in managing renal disease for over 50 years.
  • Historically used to regulate calcium and phosphorus, preventing bone disease and lowering parathyroid hormone (PTH) in dialysis and pre-dialysis patients.
  • Altered vitamin D metabolism in kidney disease necessitates a deep understanding of its signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of knowledge on vitamin D therapies in renal disease.
  • To explore emerging applications and new targets for vitamin D compounds in this patient population.
  • To address the ongoing debate regarding the optimal form of vitamin D for renal disease patients, with a focus on diabetic nephropathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on vitamin D and renal disease.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

  • Analysis of the vitamin D signaling pathway in the context of kidney disease progression.
  • Focus on patients with diabetic nephropathy.

    • Main Results:

    • Established roles of vitamin D in managing mineral metabolism and PTH levels in renal disease.
    • Emerging evidence points to novel therapeutic applications beyond traditional uses.
    • Significant alterations in vitamin D metabolism are characteristic of kidney disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Vitamin D remains vital for renal disease management, with evolving therapeutic roles.
    • Further research into new applications and optimal formulations is warranted.
    • Understanding the altered vitamin D signaling pathway is key, particularly in diabetic nephropathy.