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Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can have a...
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
05:55

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Mapping value based planning and extensively trained choice in the human brain.

Klaus Wunderlich1, Peter Dayan, Raymond J Dolan

  • 1Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK. kwunder@gmail.com

Nature Neuroscience
|March 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Human decision-making involves distinct value systems in the brain. The anterior caudate nucleus tracks planning values, while the putamen stores learned values, with the medial prefrontal cortex integrating these for choice.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Human choice mechanisms often focus on prediction error learning.
  • The computational basis of value-based planning remains less understood.
  • Investigating neural substrates of complex decision-making is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the computational structure of value-based planning in human decision-making.
  • To differentiate neural representations of planning versus learned values.
  • To elucidate the role of prefrontal cortex in integrating value signals.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral analyses of a minimax decision task.
  • Neuroimaging (fMRI) to examine brain activity.
  • Computational modeling of decision processes.

Main Results:

  • Anterior caudate nucleus represents values of individual steps in forward planning.
  • Putamen represents values acquired through extensive training.
  • Functional coupling observed between striatal areas and ventromedial prefrontal cortex during choice.

Conclusions:

  • Segregated value systems operate in parallel within the striatum for planning and trained choices.
  • Medial prefrontal cortex integrates outputs from these distinct value systems.
  • Reveals a neural architecture for complex human choice behavior.