Common origins and host-dependent diversity of plant and animal viromes

Many viruses infecting animals and plants share common cores of homologous genes involved in the key processes of viral replication. In contrast, genes that mediate virus–host interactions including in many cases capsid protein (CP) genes are markedly different. There are three distinct scenarios for the origin of related viruses of plants and animals: first, evolution from a common ancestral virus predating the divergence of plants and animals; second, horizontal transfer of viruses, for example, through insect vectors; third, parallel origin from related genetic elements. We present evidence that each of these scenarios contributed, to a varying extent, to the evolution of different groups of viruses.