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Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity
06:08

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Published on: August 9, 2017

Effect of azithromycin on natural killer cell function.

Syh-Jae Lin1, Dah-Chin Yan, Wen-I Lee

  • 1Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. sjlino@adm.cgmh.org.tw

International Immunopharmacology
|March 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Azithromycin (AZM) may offer anti-inflammatory benefits beyond its antibiotic properties. This study found AZM suppresses natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production, potentially aiding mycoplasma infection treatment.

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Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions
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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity
06:08

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Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions
08:17

Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions

Published on: October 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Mycoplasma infections pose challenges, with natural killer (NK) cells paradoxically hindering host defense.
  • Azithromycin (AZM), an antibiotic, may possess anti-inflammatory effects.
  • The impact of AZM on NK cell function remained largely uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of azithromycin on NK cell activation, apoptosis, and cytotoxic functions.
  • To determine how AZM influences NK cell receptor expression and cytokine production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized NK-92 cell lines and primary human NK cells.
  • Assessed NK cell receptor expression, cytotoxicity against K562 cells, and cytokine (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) production.
  • Examined the impact of AZM on IL-15-induced CD69 expression and perforin levels.

Main Results:

  • AZM showed minimal impact on NK-92 cell receptor expression and cytotoxicity.
  • AZM dose-dependently suppressed IL-15-induced CD69 expression on primary NK cells.
  • AZM inhibited primary NK cell cytotoxicity and down-regulated perforin expression, particularly in CD16(+)CD56(+) subsets.
  • AZM inhibited IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production in NK-92 cells but not in primary NK cells.

Conclusions:

  • Azithromycin down-regulates NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
  • These immunomodulatory effects suggest AZM may offer therapeutic benefits in treating infections beyond its antimicrobial activity.