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Experimental Approaches for Biochemical Analysis of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Its Disease-associated Variants

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Serum GFAP levels in optic neuropathies.

Mithu Storoni¹, Marcel M Verbeek, Zsolt Illes

¹Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

|March 14, 2012

Summary

Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B levels were investigated for diagnosing neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Neither biomarker in serum proved effective for differentiating NMO from other optic neuropathies.

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Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Autoimmune diseases
Neurology

Background:

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) involves complement-mediated autoimmunity targeting aquaporin-4, leading to astrocytic damage.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B have been observed in acute NMO.
This study evaluated the diagnostic utility of serum GFAP and S100B in NMO.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if serum GFAP and S100B levels can serve as reliable biomarkers for diagnosing NMO.
To assess the diagnostic value of serum GFAP and S100B in differentiating NMO from other optic neuropathies.

Main Methods:

A multicenter study involving 322 patients with various optic neuritis diagnoses, including NMO, multiple sclerosis optic neuritis (MSON), and isolated optic neuritis (ION).
Serum samples were analyzed for GFAP and S100B concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Statistical analyses, including general linear models, were employed to compare biomarker levels across diagnostic groups.

Main Results:

Significantly higher median serum GFAP levels were found in NMO patients compared to MSON, unclassified optic neuritis (UCON), ION, relapsing isolated optic neuritis (RION), and chronic relapsing isolated optic neuropathy (CRION).
Serum GFAP levels in the NMO group were not significantly different from the neurological control cohort.
Serum S100B levels did not show significant differences between NMO and other groups, but correlated with relapse frequency in MSON.

Conclusions:

Serum GFAP and S100B levels are not of significant diagnostic value for the laboratory-supported differential diagnosis of NMO.
Unlike CSF findings, serum biomarkers do not reliably distinguish NMO from other optic neuropathies.