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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration.

Jill E Langer1, Zubair W Baloch, Cindy McGrath

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. jill.langer@uphs.upenn.edu

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
|March 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is crucial for evaluating thyroid nodules, reducing unnecessary surgeries for benign cases and guiding treatment for thyroid cancer. Its use has significantly increased the malignancy detection rate in resected nodules.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
06:03

Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules

Published on: May 23, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are frequently detected via imaging, often exceeding palpation findings.
  • The prevalence of thyroid nodules is high, especially in older adults detected by sonography.
  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the standard diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current guidelines for recommending FNA of thyroid nodules.
  • To discuss the technique, risks, and implications of FNA results for patient care.
  • To highlight the role of FNA in managing thyroid nodules and preventing unnecessary surgeries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines for thyroid nodule evaluation.
  • Analysis of the technique and associated risks of fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
  • Examination of patient management strategies based on FNA cytology results.

Main Results:

  • FNA significantly reduces unnecessary thyroid surgery for benign nodules.
  • Widespread FNA use has increased the malignancy detection rate in resected thyroid nodules from 14% to over 50%.
  • Imaging techniques like sonography, CT, and MRI have increased the detection of nonpalpable thyroid nodules.

Conclusions:

  • FNA plays an essential role in the diagnostic workup of thyroid nodules.
  • FNA effectively differentiates benign from malignant nodules, optimizing surgical decisions.
  • The increased detection of nodules necessitates careful evaluation, with FNA being a key tool to exclude malignancy.