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Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Acuted disseminated encephalomyelitis.

Joy B Parrish¹, E Ann Yeh

¹Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. jparrish@thejni.org

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|March 14, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a CNS disorder often affecting children after infections. While typically benign with good recovery, residual cognitive deficits can occur despite pulse steroid treatment.

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Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurology
Pediatrics
Immunology

Background:

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS).
ADEM often presents acutely following an infection, particularly in young children.
It is characterized by diffuse CNS involvement and encephalopathy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical features of ADEM.
To discuss the typical presentation and differential diagnosis of ADEM.
To outline the treatment and prognosis of ADEM, including potential residual deficits.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinical studies and case reports on ADEM.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols for ADEM.
Evaluation of outcomes and long-term prognosis in pediatric ADEM patients.

Main Results:

ADEM typically follows an infectious trigger and presents with neurological deficits.
Pulse steroid therapy is a common treatment modality for ADEM.
While many children recover motor function and MRI lesions resolve, cognitive impairments may persist.

Conclusions:

ADEM requires prompt diagnosis and management to mitigate potential long-term neurological sequelae.
Understanding the clinical spectrum and prognosis is crucial for patient care.
Further research into ADEM pathogenesis and optimal treatment strategies is warranted.