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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in developing regions.
  • Poverty in endemic areas correlates with a higher incidence of tropical helminthic infections.
  • The interplay between helminth coinfection and TB pathogenesis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical need to understand how helminth coinfection impacts TB disease.
  • To explore the consequences of helminth coinfection on TB pathogenesis and transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental evidence on helminth-induced immune responses.
  • Analysis of studies examining the association between helminths and TB susceptibility.
  • Examination of findings related to antihelminthic treatment and vaccine response.

Main Results:

  • Helminth infections induce T helper 2 (Th2) and T regulatory (Treg) responses, potentially reducing resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
  • Helminth coinfection is associated with diminished Th1 responses and enhanced susceptibility to TB.
  • Maternal antihelminthic treatment did not affect infant responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

Conclusions:

  • The precise effect of helminths on TB disease progression and transmission remains an open question.
  • Clinical trials are necessary to determine if helminths increase TB incidence and reduce vaccine efficacy at a population level.
  • Mass deworming initiatives could potentially improve global public health by mitigating TB.