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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development
09:25

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Published on: March 24, 2011

Neural crest cells pattern the surface cephalic ectoderm during FEZ formation.

Diane Hu1, Ralph S Marcucio

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|March 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling are crucial for facial development. Inhibiting these pathways with SU5402 caused facial apoptosis and truncation, but mesenchymal cell transplantation restored normal development.

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Published on: August 9, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Craniofacial development

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are expressed in the developing face.
  • Both pathways activate the MAP kinase cascade.
  • SU5402 inhibits these signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Fgf and VEGF signaling in craniofacial development.
  • To examine the effects of SU5402 inhibition on facial development.
  • To determine the contribution of mesenchymal cells to facial signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of SU5402-soaked beads into the embryonic brain after neural crest cell emigration.
  • Analysis of pMEK and pERK staining to assess MAP kinase pathway activation.
  • Assessment of apoptosis, facial morphology, and gene expression (Shh).
  • Transplantation of frontonasal prominence (FNP)-derived mesenchymal cells.

Main Results:

  • SU5402 treatment led to reduced pMEK and pERK staining, indicating pathway inhibition.
  • Significant facial apoptosis and truncated upper beaks were observed.
  • Shh expression in the frontonasal ectodermal zone was reduced.
  • Transplantation of mesenchymal cells mitigated the structural and molecular deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Mesenchymal cells play an active role in facial signaling interactions.
  • Deficits in neurocristopathies may involve more than just structural absence of neural crest cells.