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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Bis(μ-thio-semicarbazide-κ<sup>3</sup> <i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>,<i>S</i>:<i>S</i>;κ<sup>3</sup> <i>S</i>:<i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>,<i>S</i>)bis-[(di-methyl-formamide-κ<i>O</i>)(thio-semicarbazide-κ<sup>2</sup> <i>N</i> <sup>1</sup>,<i>S</i>)cadmium(II)] tetra-kis-(2,4,6-tri-nitro-phen-olate): synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

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Structure of (<i>E</i>)-4-amino-5-{[(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-4-yl)imino]-meth-yl}-1-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-3-one: aerial oxidation of 4-amino-anti-pyrine in di-methyl-formamide.

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Di-μ<sub>3</sub>-chlorido-1:2:3κ<sup>3</sup> <i>Cl</i>;2:3:4κ<sup>3</sup> <i>Cl</i>-di-μ<sub>2</sub>-chlorido-1:2κ<sup>2</sup> <i>Cl</i>;3:4κ<sup>2</sup> <i>Cl</i>-tetra-kis-[(4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-3-one-κ<sup>2</sup> <i>N</i> <sup>4</sup>,<i>O</i>)chlorido-cadmium(II)] 1.7-hydrate: a new six-coordinate geometry index, τ<sub>6</sub>.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

4-[(E)-(4-Methyl-phen-yl)imino-meth-yl]phenol.

L Jothi, G Vasuki, R Ramesh Babu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |March 14, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(14)H(13)NO. Researchers observed significant non-coplanarity between its rings and a unique hydrogen bonding pattern forming zigzag chains.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular geometry is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Non-planar structures can influence intermolecular interactions and crystal packing.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in supramolecular assembly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(13)NO.
    • To investigate the degree of coplanarity between the aromatic rings.
    • To characterize the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles.

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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    Published on: August 16, 2018

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

    Published on: July 17, 2020

  • Identification and analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds.

    • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(14)H(13)NO was successfully determined.
    • A significant dihedral angle of 49.40(5)° was measured between the two ring systems, indicating substantial deviation from coplanarity.
    • An intermolecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond was identified, leading to the formation of a 1D zigzag chain structure along the (001) direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The title compound exhibits a non-planar molecular conformation.
    • Intermolecular hydrogen bonding dictates the crystal packing, forming extended one-dimensional chains.
    • The observed structural features provide insights into the solid-state behavior of this organic molecule.