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Solubility

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH

Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles in drug...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...

Solvents

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

Published on: September 20, 2017

Drug solubility classification in the dog.

M N Martinez¹, M G Papich

¹Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20855, USA. marilyn.martinez@fda.hhs.gov

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

|March 15, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Oral drug solubility in dogs is influenced by physiological factors. Human pH criteria can be applied to canine drug solubility assessments, simplifying the process for veterinary medicine.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Pharmacology
Drug Delivery Systems
Biopharmaceutics

Background:

Oral drug administration is common in dogs, necessitating an understanding of drug solubility.
Canine physiological characteristics can impact oral drug formulation and efficacy.
Accurate drug solubility classification is crucial for effective veterinary drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of canine physiological factors on oral drug solubility classification.
To evaluate the impact of body size, dose, and gastric volume on estimated gastric drug concentration.
To determine the applicability of human pH criteria for canine drug solubility assessment.

Main Methods:

Analysis of canine physiological parameters affecting drug solubility.
Utilizing a dose number (Do) paradigm to assess drug solubility classification.
Evaluation of various gastric volume estimation methods.
Comparative analysis of gastrointestinal pH values in dogs and humans.

Main Results:

The dose number (Do) paradigm showed minimal changes in drug solubility classification across different gastric volume estimation methods.
Canine physiological characteristics have a limited impact on altering drug solubility classifications when using the Do paradigm.
Despite differences in gastrointestinal pH, human criteria for drug solubility assessment are applicable to dogs.

Conclusions:

Human pH criteria are suitable for evaluating the solubility of oral medications in dogs.
The Do paradigm offers a robust method for classifying canine oral drug solubility.
Physiological variations in dogs do not significantly alter drug solubility classifications under the evaluated conditions.