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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

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Anesthesia implications of waterpipe use.

Kimberly L Kesner¹, Vijay K Ramaiah, Laura B Hemmer

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Journal of Clinical Anesthesia

|March 15, 2012

Summary

Waterpipe (hookah) smoking is rising and perceived as safe, but a single session can expose users to over 100 cigarettes

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pulmonary Medicine
Toxicology

Background:

Waterpipe smoking, also known as hookah or shisha, is an ancient tobacco use method gaining global popularity.
It is often misperceived as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking.
Waterpipe sessions can involve substantial exposure to nicotine, carbon monoxide, and carcinogens.

Observation:

A case report details a patient with recent waterpipe use undergoing surgery.
The patient exhibited significantly elevated intraoperative carboxyhemoglobin levels.
A concurrent decrease in oxyhemoglobin saturation was observed.

Findings:

Recent waterpipe use was associated with severe intraoperative physiological disturbances.
High levels of carboxyhemoglobin indicate impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

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Reduced oxyhemoglobin saturation poses risks during anesthesia and surgery.

Implications:

Anesthesiologists and healthcare providers must inquire about waterpipe use before procedures.
Awareness of the severe risks of waterpipe smoking is crucial for public health.
Further research is needed to understand the full perioperative impact of waterpipe use.