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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
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Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
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Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike conservative forces, non-conservative forces do not have potential energy associated with them. This is because the energy is lost to the system and cannot be turned into useful work later.
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Reflex Activity

A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

The Establishment of a Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model
04:11

The Establishment of a Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model

Published on: October 27, 2023

Forces, movements and reflexes produced by pushing human teeth.

Brendan J J Scott1, Andrew G Mason, Samuel W Cadden

  • 1Oral Neurophysiology Research Group, The Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. b.j.j.scott@dundee.ac.uk

Experimental Brain Research
|March 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Tooth movement triggers jaw muscle reflexes. This study found that the amount of tooth movement and the point of force application (incisal or cervical) do not affect these inhibitory reflexes in jaw-closing muscles.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Dental Mechanics

Background:

  • Tooth displacement elicits inhibitory reflexes in jaw-closing muscles.
  • Understanding the mechanics of tooth movement and reflex responses is crucial for dental treatments and biomechanical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the tooth movement necessary to evoke jaw muscle reflexes.
  • To investigate whether the point of force application (incisal vs. cervical) influences these reflexes.

Main Methods:

  • Eight experiments were conducted on six volunteers.
  • Electromyograms (EMGs) of the masseter muscle were recorded during controlled tooth pushing.
  • Forces and resulting tooth movements were measured at incisal and cervical locations on an upper central incisor.

Main Results:

  • A linear relationship was observed between force and tooth movement, irrespective of the application point.
  • Logarithmic relationships were found between force/movement and inhibitory reflex magnitudes.
  • No significant differences were found in reflex thresholds or response dependencies based on the force application site.

Conclusions:

  • Tooth movement required to elicit jaw reflexes is consistent regardless of whether force is applied incisally or cervically.
  • Jaw muscle inhibitory reflexes are not dependent on the specific point of force application on the tooth.